Lead and cadmium biomonitoring and health risk assessment

Today, the link between environment and health is now established, and the concept of environmental health has taken a growing place in public health issues. The problem of environmental pollution by Trace Metal Elements (TMEs) is a perfect example. In recent years, this issue has become a global concern due to its toxicity, abundance and persistence in the environment. Compared to other TMEs, lead and cadmium are the two most cited toxic elements in the scientific literature and are considered priority pollutants because they are known to be harmful to human health and dangerous to the environment. In general, apart from occupational exposure, drinking water and food are the main routes of intake of lead and cadmium in humans